Территория юкон (канада). Канада. Общие сведения. Текст на английском языке с переводом Растительный мир Канады

Канада является второй по величине страной в мире после России. Канада — страна огромных расстояний и богатой природной красоты. В Канаде самая длинная береговая линия. Семьдесят пять процентов побережья Канады находятся в Арктическом океане, а остальные — в Тихом и Атлантическом океанах. Хотя большая часть Канады состоит из лесов, она также имеет множество озер, гор, прерий и малонаселенных арктических районов. Канада известна своим обширным, нетронутым ландшафтом и своим многокультурным наследием.

Канада — общие сведения

Canada is the second largest country in the world after Russia. Canada is a land of vast distances and rich natural beauty. Canada has the longest coastline. Seventy-five percent of Canada’s coastline is on the Arctic ocean, with the remainder on the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Although most of Canada consists of forests, it also has many lakes, mountains, prairies and sparsely populated arctic areas. Canada is known for its vast, untouched landscape, and its multicultural heritage.

Канаде всего 150 лет, но это наиболее пригодная для жизни страна

Despite the fact that Canada has become a country only 150 years ago, it has earned respect on the international stage and is considered to be one of the wealthiest, least corrupt and most livable country on earth.

Несмотря на то, что Канада стала страной только 150 лет назад, она заслужила уважение на международной арене и считается одной из самых богатых, наименее коррумпированных и наиболее пригодных для жизни стран на земле.

Популяция

Canada has the population of about 34 million, most of them living within 200 km of the US-Canada border. Large areas further north are quite sparsely populated and some are nearly uninhabited wilderness.

В Канаде проживает около 34 миллионов человек, большинство из которых живут в пределах 200 км от границы между США и Канадой. Большие районы на севере довольно малонаселенные, а некоторые — почти необитаемые дикие места.

Политика

Queen Elizabeth remains the nominal head of state. Canada is a constitutional monarchy, but the roles of the Queen and her representatives are largely ceremonial. The Canadian parliament is based on the British Westminster system, with a lower House of Commons, and an upper Senate. The head of government is the Prime Minister. Each province has its own government.

Королева Елизавета остается номинальным главой государства. Канада является конституционной монархией, но роль Королевы и ее представителей в основном церемониальна. Канадский парламент основан на британской Вестминстерской системе, с нижней палатой общин и верхним сенатом. Глава правительства — премьер-министр. У каждой провинции есть свое правительство.

Языки

English and French are two official languages in Canada. Over 20% of Canadians (mostly in Quebec) speak French as a first language.
Although many immigrants and Canada’s native peoples can speak their own languages. All services are required by law to be available in both official languages.
Canada is very much a multicultural country, especially in the main cities. Immigrants have come from all over the world, and many cities have whole districts dominated by specific immigrant groups, such as Chinatown, Little Italy and so on.

Английский и французский языки — два официальных языка в Канаде. Более 20% канадцев (в основном в Квебеке) говорят на своем родном французском языке. Хотя многие иммигранты и коренные народы Канады могут говорить на своих языках. Все услуги по закону должны быть доступны на обоих официальных языках.
Канада — очень многонациональная страна, особенно в основных городах. Иммигранты приехали со всего мира, и во многих городах есть целые районы, в которых доминируют конкретные иммигрантские группы, такие как Китайский квартал, Маленькая Италия и так далее.

Столица Канады

There are many beautiful modern cities in Canada, each of them is special and attractive to tourists. Ottawa is a Canada’s capital, this city has many national government monuments like Parliament Hill, many major museums like the National Gallery, cool urban districts like the ByWard Market, and great old architecture.

В Канаде много прекрасных современных городов, каждый из которых является особенным и привлекательным для туристов. Оттава — столица Канады. В этом городе много национальных правительственных памятников, таких как Парламент Хилл, многие крупные музеи, такие как Национальная галерея, прохладные городские кварталы, такие как Байворд- маркет и старинная архитектура.

Yukon Territory, pronounced YOO kahn, is a region in northwest Canada. It is part of a vast subarctic region, with long, cold winters and short, cool summers. The Yukon Territory is sparsely populated due to its harsh climate and rugged terrain. The territory has rich mineral deposits and magnificent scenery. Many prospectors hurried to the territory during the Klondike Gold Rush in 1897 and 1898. Today, mining remains the most important industry. Tourism and government are also important. The Yukon is one of Canada"s two political units called territories. The other is the Northwest Territories. Whitehorse is the Yukon"s capital and largest city. The land and its resources Location, size, and description. The Yukon Territory covers 186,661 square miles (483,450 square kilometers) in the shape of a rough triangle. The base rests on the border of British Columbia, and the peak on the Arctic Ocean. Alaska lies to the west of the territory, and the Northwest Territories lies to the east. Ranges of the largest mountain system of North America almost entirely cover the Yukon. The Rockies form part of this system but spread out into smaller chains in the southeast, near the Liard River. The highest peaks rise in the Saint Elias Mountains in the southwest. Mount Logan (19,524 feet, or 5,951 meters), in this range, is the highest point in Canada. The territory derives its name from the Yukon River. The word Yukon probably had its origin in the Kutchin Indian word Youcon (greatest or big river). The Yukon River drains more than half of the territory. Most of the rest is drained into the Mackenzie River through the Peel and Liard river systems. Natural resources. The territory has large deposits of asbestos, coal, copper, gold, lead, nickel, silver, and zinc. Valuable forests of white spruce cover much of the land. Other trees include birch, fir, pine, and poplar. Varieties of numerous fur-bearing animals live in the Yukon Territory. Animals of the region include bear, caribou, Dall"s sheep, elk, moose, and mountain goats. Among the game birds are grouse, ptarmigan, and waterfowl. Rare gyrfalcons and peregrine falcons also live in the Yukon Territory. Grayling, northern pike, lake and rainbow trout, salmon, and whitefish swim in the territory"s streams and lakes. Climate. The Yukon Territory has cold winters and cool summers. Average January temperatures are -2 °F (-19 °C) at Whitehorse and -16 °F (-27 °C) at Dawson. The coldest temperature ever recorded in the territory was -81 °F (-63 °C), at Snag Airport near the Alaska border on Feb. 3, 1947. Summer temperatures average from 50 °F (10 °C) in the north to 60 °F (16 °C) in the south. The territory"s record high temperature, 97 °F (36 °C), occurred in Mayo on June 14, 1969. Annual snowfall varies from 28 inches (70 centimeters) in the north to more than 79 inches (200 centimeters) in the south. Rainfall averages from 4 to 10 inches (9 to 26 centimeters) per year. The people The 1996 census reported that the Yukon Territory had 30,766 people. Most Yukoners have some British ancestry. There are about 3,500 North American Indians. Another 2,300 people have some American Indian ancestry. Almost all the people speak English. French is the native language of about 600 Yukoners. Tlingit, an Indian language, is spoken in some of the villages. About two-thirds of the territory"s people live in Whitehorse, the capital. Other Yukon communities include Dawson, Watson Lake, Faro, Ross River, and Haines Junction. Most people live in modern houses. Electric heaters, oil, and wood are used to heat houses. The burning of wood has caused air pollution problems in some suburbs of Whitehorse. Daily airline and trucking services bring perishable foods and other goods to the territory. Economy Service industries contribute more to the economy of the Yukon Territory than any other economic activity. Important community, business, and personal services in the territory include health care, education, and the operation of restaurants and hotels. Government services employ many people. Other service industries include transportation and communication; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and utilities. Information on transportation and communication appears later in this section. Every year, more than 400,000 people travel across the Yukon on the Alaska Highway. The Yukon section is regarded by many to be the most scenic part of the highway. Tourists also visit the Yukon to see scenes of the Klondike Gold Rush. Dawson has preserved many landmarks of that era. Many visitors to the Yukon Territory have read the works of the poet Robert William Service, who wrote his first famous works in Whitehorse. Tourist attractions in Whitehorse include the MacBride Museum and the S.S. Klondike, an old Yukon paddlewheeler. Kluane National Park lies in southwestern Yukon. Northern Yukon National Park lies at the northern tip of the territory. Spending by tourists contributes heavily to the service industries. Mining. The Yukon Territory"s mining industry is based almost entirely on the production of metal ores. The value of Yukon mineral production often varies greatly from year to year because the price of metal ores is unstable. When the value of a particular metal is low, mines that produce that type of ore may close. But when metal prices rise, many of these mines reopen. Zinc provides the most income for the Yukon"s mining industry. A large zinc mine operates at Faro. Other leading mineral products include gold, lead, and silver. Agriculture. Because of the short summer, most farmers plant only quick-growing vegetables. Several farmers have market gardens, and others grow hay. Excellent vegetables are grown in greenhouses during the long hours of sun in the spring and summer. Manufacturing. The Yukon has several small manufacturing industries. Goods manufactured there have a value added by manufacture of about $12 million a year. This figure represents the increase in value of raw materials after they become finished products. The region"s leading manufactured products are printed materials, fabricated metal products, and processed foods, especially fish. Other industries in the Yukon make chemicals, eyeglass lenses, jewelry, wood products, and Indian-style winter coats called Yukon parkas. Fishing industry. A small amount of commercial fishing for salmon takes place mainly on the Yukon and Alsek river systems. Whitefish and trout are caught in Lake Laberge and Teslin Lake. Fur industry. Some people of the Yukon make a living as trappers. The chief animals trapped are beavers, lynxes, martens, muskrats, and wolverines. Transportation and communication. Three airlines connect the Yukon Territory with Alaska, Alberta, British Columbia, and the Northwest Territories. The Alaska Highway extends for about 600 miles (970 kilometers) through the Yukon. The 450-mile (725-kilometer) Dempster Highway connects the Yukon with Inuvik in the Northwest Territories. Bus service provides connections to cities in Alaska, Alberta, and British Columbia. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) has a radio station at Whitehorse. Automatic relays transmit its programs to the entire territory. Two other radio stations also serve Whitehorse. Live CBC television service reaches nearly all Yukon communities via communications satellite. Many communities also have cable TV. Telephone service is widespread. Two newspapers publish in Whitehorse. Education and social services Education. The territorial government maintains public and Roman Catholic schools. Most of the population centers have elementary and junior high school programs (kindergarten through grade 9). Senior high school programs (grades 10 through 12) are offered in Carmacks, Dawson, Faro, Haines Junction, Mayo, Pelly Crossing, Watson Lake, and Whitehorse. Yukon College, in Whitehorse, is the only school of higher education. Social services. Resident doctors live in Dawson, Faro, Mayo, Watson Lake, and Whitehorse. Resident dentists have offices in Whitehorse and visit other settlements periodically. Dawson, Mayo, Watson Lake, and Whitehorse have hospitals. Other settlements are served by nursing stations. Government The Canadian government appoints a commissioner to serve as honorary head of government for the Yukon Territory. The commissioner acts on recommendations from an Executive Council (cabinet), whose members direct government departments. A government leader presides over the council and is the actual head of the territorial government. The government leader is a member of the territory"s 17-member elected Yukon Legislative Assembly and the leader of the majority political party. The Assembly is the territory"s lawmaking body. The territorial government deals with such regional matters as education, public works, social services, and taxation. The people elect one representative to the Canadian House of Commons. The territory is also represented by one member in the Canadian Senate. History Indians have lived in the Yukon area since prehistoric times. In the 1840"s, Robert Campbell, a British fur trader of the Hudson"s Bay Company, became the first white person to explore the Yukon region. Campbell built a trading post on the Pelly River at Fort Selkirk in 1848. But Chilkat Indians looted and burned the post a short time later. The Yukon area was a part of the company"s fur-trading empire until 1870, when the company began moving its operations to the Northwest Territories. The Yukon was made a district of the Northwest Territories in 1895. In 1898, it became a separate territory. On Aug. 17, 1896, George W. Carmack and his Indian friends Skookum Jim and Tagish Charlie made a gold strike on Bonanza Creek. This led to the Klondike Gold Rush of 1897 and 1898. The creek is a tributary of the Klondike River, near the present site of Dawson. Thousands of prospectors poured into the Yukon when news of the discovery reached the rest of the world. Simple methods of hand mining produced $22,275,000 of gold in 1900. A fleet of gold dredges soon began digging gold. Dredges still dig gold from the deposits. The miners in the Yukon were often rough and unruly. At the beginning of the gold rush, a detachment of the North-West Mounted Police entered the region to preserve order. The influx of prospectors increased the Yukon"s political importance. In 1898, the Yukon became a territory, and Dawson became the capital. At the height of the Klondike Gold Rush in 1898, an estimated 35,000 people lived in the Yukon Territory. Records show that 7,080 boats passed down the Yukon River in 1898, carrying 28,000 people. Approximately 5,000 people came to the territory by other routes. After much of the surface ore had been exhausted, many prospectors left the Klondike area. Whitehorse had railroad service. Because of this, it became the distributing point for the territory and grew more rapidly than Dawson. Whitehorse became the capital in 1953. In 1979, the federal government transferred authority over a number of local matters from the commissioner to the elected council. These areas included education and taxation. During the early 1980"s, the economy declined, mostly due to low metal prices. But by the end of the 1980"s, the territory"s economy had improved because of higher metal prices and the addition of new businesses and new jobs. For many years, Indians in the Yukon Territory have pushed for self-government and have sought title to their traditional lands. In 1995, federal laws went into effect which granted self-government to some Yukon Indians and settled their land claims.

Канада считается одной из самых больших мировых стран по занимаемой площади. Необыкновенная и чудесная природа манит множество туристов, которые хотят насладиться дикой природой Канады.

Природные комплексы страны сохранились в своем первозданном естественном состоянии, несмотря на то, что они находятся очень близко с современными большими населенными пунктами. Приблизительно 10 часть площади страны дикая нетронутая природа. Местные жители очень горды за свои природные комплексы и всячески оберегают их. Здесь можно встретить множество редкостных представителей флоры и фауны.

Животный мир Канады

Самым знаменитым представителем животного мира Канады считается бобр. Это животное символ страны. Благодаря этим животным ранее была исследована и освоена большая площадь Канады.

Самым большим и опасным среди канадских животных является медведь. В Канаде проживает несколько разновидностей медведей:

1. Медведи-гризли. Эти представители медведей являются опасными и агрессивными представителями медвежьей семьи. Проживают в северо-западной части страны.
2. Бурый медведь. Животное размерами меньше своих побратимов медведей-гризли. Проживают возле тихоокеанского побережья.
3. Белые полярные медведи. Данный вид охраняется государством, поскольку является очень редким животным.
4. Черный медведь, проживает по всей площади страны.

Фауна Канады очень богата и разнообразна. В диких лесах можно встретить много представителей пушных. Среди представителей хищников, встречающихся в природе можно отметить волков, лисиц, рысей и койотов. На юге проживают вилорогие антилопы, разновидности оленей. На территориях северной и западной частей страны обитают бизоны, лоси, карибу, мускусные быки. Посетив район Британской Канады можно познакомится с толсторогами, называющихся еще снежными баранами, а также увидеть серых диких котов. Последние считаются уникальными животными страны.


В городских парках Канады можно встретить дикобразов, енотов и скунсов. Канада предлагает различные развлечения для туристов. Одним из таких развлечений - наблюдение за поведением китов у берегов океанов.

Проживает приблизительно около полтысячи семейств птичьих. Самыми популярными представителями пернатых считаются:

• Гагара красивая
• Большая голубая цапля
• Дикий канадский гусь

Водоемы страны наполнены различной рыбой. За прекрасным диким миром Канады можно наблюдать в национальных парках. В стране много таких парков. Самый знаменитый и большой считается парк "Вуд-Баффало".

Растительный мир Канады

Растительность Канады напрямую привязана к местному климату. Самые большие природные зоны растительного мира Канады - тайга и тундра. Северная часть материка почти круглогодично находится под снежным покровом.

На севере Канады наблюдается растительность, характерная для тундровой зоны. На юге страны простирается тайга с породами. На побережьях океанов прорастают хвойные леса. Восточная часть страны славится широколиственными лесами. На западе Канады простираются степные зоны - прерии.

Тундра. Располагается на севере страны. Здесь распространены карликовые виды растений: ивы, березы. Летом, на лужайках произрастают различные цветы: дриады, люпины и лютики. В тундре можно встретить такие растения как багульник, примула, различные злаки и осоки, клюква, кипрей.

Тайга. Является зоной хвойного леса и проходит через всю площадь страны. Тут прорастают черные ели, осины. Также на территории тайги прорастают и еловые леса. В тайге можно встретить клены, дубы, лиственницы, тополя, березы белые, кедры, рябины, осины.

Великие озера. В этой области можно встретить смешанные леса. В них растут: клен, береза, тсуга, бук, Веймутова сосна, ель и осина. Также на территории этой зоны прорастают пихты, клены, каштаны, тюльпанное дерево, магнолии, гикори, лесные ниссы.

Акадийские леса. Здесь господствуют хвойные породы. Растения Канады данной зоны: черная ель, бальзамическая пихта, красная ель, кедр, американская бук, лиственница, клены и береза желтая. В низкотравных областях прорастают келерия, ковыль и бутелоуа.


Британская Колумбия. В данной зоне прорастают: различные виды сосен, елей, американская лиственница, тсуга. Можно встретить различные сорта сосен, дугласию, орегонский дуб, осину. Из-за небольшого количества осадков, в некоторых местах можно встретить кактусы.

Канадская флора и фауна богата уникальными животными и растениями. Тысячи туристов каждый год посещают страну, чтоб полюбоваться дикой, нетронутой природой Канады. Канадцы оберегают свою богатую природу. Канада – лидирующая страна в мире по количеству не тронутых человеком территорий. Канадцы создают национальные природные парки, которые защищаются на правительственном уровне.

Дикая природа Канады видео

Canada is an independent federative state.It is one of the most developed countries.Canada consists of ten provinces and two territories.It is situated on the North American continent.In size Canada is the second in the world after Russia.Its area is almost 10 million km².The capital of Canada is Ottawa, which is situated on the bank of the Ottawa River.It is famous for its beautiful parks.It is also known as the city of bridges.Canada is very rich in forest, minerals and fur-bearing animals.It holds the first place in the world in the amount of forests.It is rich in the following natural resources: non-ferrous metals, uranium, oil, natural gas, coal.Canadian industries produce cars, airliners, locomotives, sea vessels, snow-removal machines, and agricultural equipment.The most developed industries are timber, mining, chemical, meat and milk and food industries.Canada grows wheat, barley, flax, potatoes, vegetables and fruit.Fishing is also one of the prosperous industries.Official languages of Canada are English and French.Nearly 60 per cent of the population speaks English and 27 per cent speaks French.The rest speaks other languages, such as Eskimo, Indian, German, Ukrainian and Italian.Canada is a founding member of the United Nations.It has been active in a number of major UN agencies.

Geographical Position of Canada

Canada occupies the northern part of the North American continent and some islands.It borders on the USA.The country is washed by the Pacific Ocean in the west, by the Atlantic Ocean in the east and by the Arctic Ocean and its seas in the north.The Canadian north remains one of the least settled and least exploited parts of the world.About 2 per cent of the Canadian territory is covered by glacier ice.The eastern parts of the country are mainly valleys and plains.The western territories are occupied by the Cordilleras.They stretch from the American border to the Arctic Ocean.The Cordillera region is composed of numerous mountain groups: the Rocky Mountains, the Coast Mountains and others.The main Canadian islands are Newfoundland, Victorian Island, Baffin Island and others.There are a lot of rivers and lakes in Canada.Among them there are the Great Bear Lake, the Great Slave Lake and the Great Lakes District.The largest rivers are the Nelson, the Ottawa, the Mackenzie and the Yukon.The population of Canada is about 25 million people.It is mainly concentrated in large cities.The economically significant area of the country is its western part.Canada is rich in mineral resources, such as non-ferrous metals, uranium, oil, natural gas and coal.It is also exceptionally rich in forests and fur-bearing animals.All these factors led Canada to the position of a highly-developed country.

Climate and nature of Canada

Canada is situated in the northern part of the North American continent.It is washed by the Pacific Ocean in the west, by the Atlantic Ocean in the east and by the Arctic Ocean and its seas in the north.That is why the climate and the nature of Canada are much varied.The northern parts lie in the subarctic and arctic climatic zones.Most of the northern islands are covered with ice.The bays between them are covered with ice for 9-10 months a year.This territory has a climate with very cold winters and short, cool summers.The average winter temperature is about 35 degrees below zero.The average summer temperature is about 4 degrees above zero.It contrasts with the rest of the territory, where the climate is moderate.This part gets enough amount of rainfall and heat.In the south there are large areas of fertile soils.The west of the country has a mild and humid climate thanks to a warm Pacific current.The average winter temperature is about 4 degrees above zero there.The average summer temperature is 21 degrees above zero.The region of the Cordilleras is famous for its beautiful forests.Canadian west is the most attractive part of the country.The snow-capped mountains and ocean bays create a surprisingly beautiful atmosphere.Besides, Canadian south is known for its changeable weather.Sometimes it is too humid, and some-times it is too dry: the weather can change very quickly.The Niagara Falls situated in that part of the country attracts people from all over the world by its unusual beauty.